A
word is a unit which is a
constituent at the phrase level and above. It is sometimes identifiable
according to such criteria as (1) being the minimal possible unit in a reply
(2) having features such as (a) a regular stress pattern, and (b)phonological
changes conditioned by or blocked at word boundaries. (3) being the largest
unit resistant to insertion of new constituents within its boundaries, or (4)
being the smallest constituent that can be moved within a sentence without
making the sentence ungrammatical.
Meaning
is a notion in semantics classically defined as having two components:
(1)
Reference, anything in the referential
realm denoted by a word or expression, and
(2)
Sense, the system of paradigmatic and
syntagmatic relationships between a lexical unit and other lexical units in a
language.
In
psychology, memory is the processes
by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows
information that is from the outside world to reach our senses in the forms of
chemical and physical stimuli. In this first stage we must change the
information so that we may put the memory into the encoding process. Storage is
the second memory stage or process. This entails that we maintain information
over periods of time. Finally the third process is retrieval. This is the
retrieval of information that we have stored. We must locate it and return it
to our consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type
of information.
From
an information processing perspective there are three main stages in the
formation and retrieval of memory:
(1)
Encoding or registration (receiving,
processing and combining of received information)
(2)
Storage (creation of a permanent record
of the encoded information)
(3)
Retrieval, recall or recollection (calling
back the stored information in response to some cue for use in a process or
activity)
Memory can be short-term or long-term.
Short-term memory
(or "primary" or "active memory") is the capacity for
holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available
state for a short period of time. The duration of short-term memory (when
rehearsal or active maintenance is prevented) is believed to be in the order of
seconds.
Long-term memory
(LTM) is memory in which associations among items are stored, as part of the
theory of a dual-store memory model. According to the theory, long-term memory
differs structurally and functionally from working memory or short-term memory,
which ostensibly stores items for only around 20–30 seconds and can be recalled
easily
Recall
is to remember something by thinking or recalling it in your mind from memory
whereas recognition is to remember
something in your memory through looking at something and recognising it as
something seen before.
In
understanding and producing language begins with the recognition of language or
words, then understand the meaning and save it in memory. So
it can perform retrieval process, that is recall the stored information in
response to some cue for use in a process or activity . memory is divided into
two, the first short term memory, information that is no longer stored in the
memory, the second long term memory, that is data or information stored
relatively permanent, because often done or pronounced over and over again.
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